Underground resistance electronic warfare rar

The range is obviously determined by the delay of the return signal. The direction is determined by where the antenna is pointing. Directional sensors measure the elevation angle and the azimuth angle compass heading.

There are two general classes of radars: acquisition and targeting. The acquisition radars are the big, stationary, long-range kind while the targeting radars are usually smaller, portable, and shorter range sometimes being the guidance system of a weapon. They have two different functions. Acquisition radar is used to detect objects from a long distance away. For reference, a airplane moving at mph, or the speed of sound at sea level, only travels about 1, feet per second.

A 2, or 4, foot difference at miles is not too significant. Acquisition radars are the typical types shown in the movies and were the types used in WWII. Targeting radars are used to guide weapons to a target. Sometimes these are ground-based radars and sometimes these are incorporated into the weapon itself. Note that a homing missile can use a ground-based radar to illuminate the target. Targeting radar must never lose radar lock because it has no real means of finding the target to begin with.

A targeting radar is always initially directed to a target by some outside means. This could be by linking it with an acquisition radar system, which is typical for ground-based missiles.

Or, it could be by actually pointing the missile at the target and allowing the missile-radar to lock on, which is typical for air-launched missiles. And at close range, there can be considerable relative-position changes at high-speeds. Therefore, high pulse rates are the key indication that a targeting radar is in use. Since radar systems are expensive to design and develop, there are a limited number of systems in use around the world today perhaps a few hundred.

Clearly, it is important to know what particular radar system you want to defeat before you can design a particular defense or countermeasure. There are a handful of characteristics that identify a given radar system. The first is the frequency of operation. The second is the pulse length. The third is the pulse repetition rate. The fourth is the scanning rate or the time it takes for the antenna to rotate degrees.

A typical polar plot of a radar antenna sensitivity pattern. Note that the side lobes are only 10 dB to 15 dB below the main lobe. Figure 1 shows a typical radar antenna pattern. There is one main beam or main lobe or focal point. This is where the antenna is actually pointing and has the most power during transmitting and the most sensitivity while receiving.

But no antenna is perfect. There are actually a number of secondary beams called side lobes. These are identified in Figure 1. Typically, the two major side lobes have a reduced sensitivity of only 10 dB to 15 dB relative to the main lobe. There are two radar countermeasures than have been used for some time: chaff and jamming. Chaff started in WWII and consisted of airplanes dropping aluminum-foil strips — called chaff — to create multiple reflective targets and to block radar beams from penetrating like a smoke screen.

Chaff is effective for both of these functions if the length of the aluminum-foil strips is appropriate for the radar frequency that is being used. If the length of the foil is too different from the radar wavelength, it loses its effectiveness.

This is why it is important to know the radar signature before attempting countermeasures. Jamming is another method of defeating radar. It consists of transmitting continuous signals directly at the radar antenna that are the same frequency of the radar.

Since a transmitter can be much more powerful than a radar reflection, it will present the receiver with a large signal and the weaker return signal will be masked. This significantly reduces the effective range of the radar.

Eventually, the target will get close enough to the radar system so that the radar return signal will be larger than the jamming signal. When this occurs called burn through , normal radar operation can be resumed. Note that powerful jamming transmitters can be located so far away to be virtually untouchable. Also, due to the side lobes of the antenna, the jammer can affect multiple sectors angles of the radar. Therefore, there are several directions that can hide incoming targets.

This is because there are many different radar signatures that the missile must be programmed for. ARM missiles put the radar operator in a dilemma.

If they use the radar to search for targets, they expose themselves. If they turn off the radar, they are no longer exposed but they are also ineffective. Neither choice is appealing. False targets can be created several ways. The simplest is a form of jamming. Instead of transmitting a continuous signal, pulses that match the radar signature are transmitted.

So instead of spokes on the display, there are many dots that look like targets. Trying to find a real target among hundreds of false ones is not a trivial matter. A more sophisticated method of false target generation uses the Achilles heel of radar or the side lobes.

As noted before, the side lobes are often only 10 dB to 15 dB below the main lobe in sensitivity. The result is that the antenna is pointing in the wrong direction and any weapon than is controlled by that radar will be aiming at a false target.

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